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4-6.1 Causes and Prevention of Fires and Explosions - Cont'd. 13. Vehicle engines must be shut down while taking on or discharging fuel. 14. Promptly clean up or wash down all spills and fuel accumulations. 15. Keep  all  equipment  and  work  areas  neat,  clean,  orderly,  and  in  good  mechanical  condition.    This  is  very important. 16. Keep fire suppression equipment in good condition and readily available. 17. Move fire suppression equipment to be near areas of spills, liquid fuel accumulation, sampling operations, etc. until the fire hazard is corrected. 18. Never use gasoline for cleaning parts, clothing, rags, or other items. 19. Do not wash hands in fuels. 20. After  using,  place  all  oily  waste  and  rags  in  self-closing  metal  containers.    Empty  containers  at  an  assigned disposal point frequently. 21. Immediately remove any articles of clothing or shoes that have become soaked with fuels.  This should be done in an area free from ignition sources. 4.6.2  Summary of Fire Suppression Methods If a fire starts in a TPT unit, there are a number of ways to extinguish it.  It is essential that instructions are prepared and all personnel be familiar with them.  Fire suppression equipment furnished with the TPT is covered in detail in para. 2- 4.13 and Appendix A.  The following general outline of fire suppression methods includes the use of dry chemical and foam  extinguishers  which  are  furnished  with  the  TPT  as  well  as  other  methods  so  that  the  reader  will  have  a  broad knowledge of fire suppression practice. a. Water   and   Water   Fog.      Water   alone   can   extinguish   a   petroleum   fire   only   when   applied   under   favorable circumstances.  Solid water streams, water sprays, and water fog all have their proper use.  The decision of when, where, and how to apply water should be made by the person assigned as fire chief. b. Blankets.  Blankets are mainly used to put out fires in a person's clothing.  Wet blankets can sometimes be used to help smother a fire at a vapor leak or at a vent. c. Foam.  Foam used on petroleum fires is a continuous mass of very small bubbles  filled with inert gas or air and held together by surface tension.  There are two types of foam: chemical (carbon dioxide) and mechanical (air or inert gas foam). 1. The foam must be applied to the fire so that it acts as a blanket on the surface of the product.  The foam must be spread over the burning surface faster than the fire can destroy it.  The rate of application varies with the type of foam, discharging outlet, and product.  About 1 gallon of water-in-foam for each 10 square feet of liquid surface (or about a 1- 1/4  inch  thickness  of  chemical  or  low  expansion  air  foam  per  minute  over  the  surface)  is  usually  enough  to  fight  a gasoline fire. 2. When a high volume flow of foam is available, it should be fully used by applying several streams of foam from different points at the same time.  However, each foam stream should be large enough to be effective by itself.  It should be so directed that it slides smoothly on to the surface of the burning liquid.  Prompt, ample, gentle applications of foam are most effective. 4-13

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